Strain Theory- An Explanation For Juvenile Delinquency...

Kasey Covington 22 October 2014 Prof. Joshua Wakeham I. Identifications 1. Strain Theory- An explanation for juvenile delinquency developed by Robert Merton in 1957. The Strain Theory focuses on the idea that Americans are expected to meet certain economic and social goals. Those who lack the means to carry out these goals turn to illegal ways to do so. Though this is true for many juveniles living below their means, the theory does not explain nonviolent crimes like white collar crimes. Also, many youth have opportunities but decline to take part in them. (Class notes 10/10 Slide 8) 2. Cognitive Behavioral Approach/Theory refers to the way that juveniles interpret the world around them. Problematic thinking leads to problematic behaviors. Having these thoughts eventually leads to a warped process of thinking ie. rationalization, minimization of harm, and severe victimization complex. (Class notes 10/10 Slide 15) 3. Classical School of Criminology- a just system of punishment for crimes coined by Ceasar Beccaria. Beccaria believed that humans acted on free will and commited crimes to satisfy their pleasure principle. This system was used to develop a fairer, more just and more effective system of criminal justice, but lacked in considering the age and cognitive clarity of juvenile offenders. (Shoemaker 2013: pp.62-63) 4. Broken Homes theory is one of the oldest, most popular explanations of delinquency. It refers to the broken family structure of juvenileShow MoreRelatedJuvenile Delinquency And Juvenile Crime Essay2267 Words   |  10 PagesJuvenile delinquency, as well as juvenile gangs are interesting and popular topic in the world of criminal justice. What criminological theories tie in with the problems of juvenile delinquency, juvenile gangs, and the reasons why juveniles do what they do? This paper explains the theories that tie in with the why, and how juveniles end up the way they do. Using the different theories explained in this paper you could hypothesize an explanation as to why the juvenile committed a crime or joinedRead MoreAnomie Strain/ Differential Opportunity Theory2566 Words   |  11 PagesContrast; Anomie Strain and Differential Opportunity Theories Introduction- This paper will cover Anomie Strain, and Differential Opportunity theory. This will be done by an overview and explanations of the two theories, and by comparing and contrasting the theories based on the explanations Robert Merton, Richard Cloward, and Lloyd Ohlin proposes. To begin, the question that inspired Robert Merton, Richard Cloward and Lloyd Ohlin was to explore what was the cause and explanation of why delinquentsRead MoreThe Criminal Strain : Social Dynamics, And Relationships Between People And How They Were Affected By The Industrial2857 Words   |  12 PagesCriminology 11 November 2014 The Criminal Strain In the early 1800’s early European theorists started observing behaviors, interactions, and relationships between people and how they were affected by the industrial revolution. There were many theorists that were influenced by the social dynamics of the revolution including Auguste Comete, Andre Guerry, and Adolphe Quetelet. These theorist proposed important aspects that contributed to social structure theories including economic factors that influencesRead MoreTheoretical Explanations Of Gang Formation Essay2253 Words   |  10 PagesTHEORETICAL EXPLANATIONS OF GANG FORMATION Several criminological theories developed to explain general deviance is now used in gang research because they offer explanations of why people join gangs (Tobin, 2008). This paper draws on those existing sociological research in identifying some theories used in explaining gang formation. The theories discussed are social structure, social conflict, and social process theories. It is also going to cover some branches of those theories; social disorganizationRead MoreFactor Affecting the Presence of Crime in Inner Cities of America788 Words   |  4 PagesThe presence of crime in the inner cities of America is the result of many different factors. Although it is impossible to explain the issue with one single theory, it is possible to recognize the characteristics within society that have traditionally been associated with crime. These include poor neighborhoods, weak family structures and high rates of unemployment. However, they cannot be used to explain overarching mechanism s of extremely high rates of American urban crime today. Social structuresRead MoreThe Theory And General Strain Theory1262 Words   |  6 PagesA theory is described, as an idea or set of ideas generally intended to explain, to prove facts or events. Theory can be an idea that is suggested or presented as possibly true, that is not an ideas that relates to a particular subject (Merriam-Webster, 2015). Theory is an explanation of something. Theories in criminal behavior explains why an individual commits criminal and delinquent acts. This paper will compare and contrast two theories of crime or criminal activities that was discuss in thisRead MoreWhat Did Durkheim Mean When He Called The Collective Conscience?1260 Words   |  6 Pagesfor understanding Crime and deviance. 2) Describe Merton s theory of Strain as an explanation of crime and deviance in society. Strain theory refers to when people turn to crime and deviancy when they feel unable to achieve socially approved goals through legitimate means. (Agnew, 1992). Featherstone and Deflem (2003) outline five routes that individuals could take in order to achieve their goals, according to Merton’s theory. The first is the ‘conformist’ route where individuals adhere toRead MoreCauses of Junvenile Delinquency2264 Words   |  10 PagesCauses of Juvenile Delinquency and Crime Aim This report aims to explore the relationship between juvenile delinquency and poor parenting and their failure to teach norms and values. It will also address other aspects of influence, including; peer pressure, mass media, poverty and the actions of the juvenile justice system. Theory Through this report, the following theory will be tested; â€Å"There is a link between juvenile delinquency, poor parenting and their failure to teach norms and valuesRead MoreSocial Deviance Theory, And Social Control Theory1941 Words   |  8 Pagestheir lives, I do agree with Locke s theory to an extent. In that most people are born with a blank slate, they are neither good nor bad, it is that we encounter in our lives that shape us into the person we become. Therefore, in my opinion the best theories so far that explains juvenile delinquency is a combination of several aspects from cultural deviance theory, strain theory, and social control theory. Cultural Deviance Theory argues that delinquency occurs naturally due to the conditionsRead MoreUnderstanding the Similarities to Strain Theory and General Theory of Crime3105 Words   |  13 PagesUnderstanding the similarities of Strain Theory, amp; General Theory of Crime Angela Sampson # 2396467 Sociology 345: Social Control Professor: James Chriss Cleveland State University April 30th 2012 Abstract: The purpose is to identify the similarities between Strain theories, and General Theory of Crime. Strain was developed from the work of Durkheim and Merton and taken from the theory of anomie. Durkheim focused on the decrease of societal restraint and the strain that resulted at the

Is Technology Contributing to Americas Laziness Essays

Is Technology Contributing to America’s Laziness? Many people are spending their leisure times behind computers and tablets than they are being physically productive. Although, most of the new technologies have had many benefits to the advancements in the way in which we function efficiently in the world today; it also has contributed to the sedentary lifestyles for many adults and children. A world before technology, included children playing activities outside and adults engaging in these activities with their children. Technology should be limited to ensure that we are all getting an adequate amount of social interaction, that children are being properly educated and to help reduce the continuing growth of obesity in America.†¦show more content†¦People do not have to take the time to think for themselves anymore, they can find the answer with a click of a button. Technology changes the way we live our daily lives, the way we learn, and the way we use our faculties of attention -- and a growing body of research has suggested that it may have profound effects on our memories (particularly the short-term, or working, memory), altering and in some cases impairing its function (Gregoire). Technology has also made it to the point where people are losing social skills and no longer interacting face to face. It has become common for people to have a more active virtual social life than they do a physical social life. â€Å"When the brain spends more time on technology-related tasks and less time exposed to other people, it drifts away from fundamental social skills like reading facial expressions during conversation† (â€Å"Scientists Fear†, 2008). Technology has come to a point where people no longer have to or want to leave their homes in order to meet and socialize with other people. With such things as social networking, we are all owed to meet hundreds of new people without even moving. The problem with that is we need to have the opportunity to leave our homes and engage in social interactions face to face. Social skills are important for a healthy social life. â€Å"Social skills are the skills we use to communicate and interact with each other, both verbally and non-verbally, through gestures,Show MoreRelatedEssay on The Impact of Child Obesity on a Childs Life1972 Words   |  8 Pagesgross healthy food. But, with the vending machines being stocked with more junk food snacks kids are willing to put his or her money into the machine. Another cause for childhood obesity is the lack of activity or exercise they do. With all the technology around the country it’s fairly simple for a child to talk his or her way out of playing a sport or exercising for a couple of minutes a day. Without a parental figure laying down the law on limiting the time spent on electronics the child is moreRead MoreEssay on Obesity in America2540 Words   |  11 Pagespreventable cause of diseases in America. Even though the obese have to be responsible when deciding what and how much to eat, society is what not only created obesity but also discriminates against them. The media, food market, and the rapidly advancing technology are all factors that influence not only the increase in obesity rates, but also the psychological status of the obese. According to epidemiological studies, there is a direct correlation between BMI and the risk of obtaining an obesity relatedRead MoreEssay on Wireless Electricity14464 Words   |  58 PagesEconomic Questions and Considerations 16 IV. Wireless Technology with Today’s Culture 20 V. Ethical Implications of Wireless Power 26 VI. Environmental Impact 30 VII. 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Applications for the copyright holder’s written permission to reproduce any part of this publication should be addressed to the publisher Permissions may be sought directly from Elsevier’s Science Technology Rights Department in Oxford, UK: phone: ( 44) 1865 843830, fax: ( 44) 1865 853333, e-mail: permissions@elsevier.co.uk. You may also complete your request on-line via the Elsevier homepage (www.elsevier.com), by selecting ‘Customer Support’ and thenRead MoreDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words   |  1617 PagesCalifornia State University Tim Bothell, Brigham Young University David Cherrington, Brigham Young University John Collins, Syracuse University Kerri Crowne, Temple University Todd Dewett, Wright State University Andrew J. Dubrin, Rochester Institute of Technology Steven Edelson, Temple University Norma Givens, Fort Valley State University Barbara A. Gorski, St. Thomas University David Hampton, San Diego State University Stanley Harris, Auburn University Richard E. 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Constantine the great free essay sample

Fluvial Valueless Aurelias Constantly Augustus Fluvial Valerian Aurelias Connotations Augustus was one of few who went to the extremes of killing his own family members Just to keep his new booming Empire up and running. Constantine ruled from 306 A. D. Until 337 A. D. During Constantine the Greatest thirty-one years of ruling, he influenced the Roman Empire that affected the Roman people in a virtuous way. He strengthened Christianity In Rome and was a martyr in making Christianity a respected religion, he created economic reforms that helped the common people, and crafted impressive structures throughout the Empire. Throughout Constantine reign, he strongly enforced Christianity and made It more popular throughout the Empire. Constantine the Great was a very influential man on Christianity and many admired what he did. He was the first roman emperor to ever support Christianity and make it a religion that was commonly used and allowed throughout Rome. Constantine striver vigorously to get Christianity into the world. He built buildings and supported the upbringing of Christian churches from all over Rome. Constantine partner Cobbles, who was also really Into religious ileitis once stated No Roman Emperor before Constantine had ever done this. Subside of Caesar was to see In Constantine the first emperor who was a friend of god and thus chosen to proclaim his message to the world. (Hardboard) Constantine himself was so into this religion, which was a religion that no one in Rome has ever embraced, that he urged the acceptance of Christian faith whenever he could. Constantine) By keeping the Divine faith, I am made a partaker of the light of truth: guided by the light of truth, I advance in the knowledge of the Divine Faith. Hence It is that, as my actions themselves evince, profess the most holy religion; and this worship I declare to be that which teaches me deeper acquaintance with the most holy God; aided by whose Divine power. Innings) Constantine did things such as participating and being a major role In the Edict of Milan. The Edict of Milan was moreover a response to a problem in the churches of Alexandria. It was an assembly over the dispute weather Christians should be given the toleration, and restoration of any personal property that was confiscated during the prosecution. (Matthews) When Constantine put his time in to deciding the Edict of Milan it was just after the defeat of Magentas at Milan. Contributing to the Edict of Milan made him so empowered by the Christian faith he went beyond what the Edict of Milan concluded and donated bishops to Imperial property. Matthews) All through Constantine childhood he was brought up In a monotheistic household, His father enforced the rule that there must be strict adherence to the all mighty Sun God, which was popular in early day Rome. (Hardboard) During the course of his childhood he was obeying to his fathers rule, until Constantine saw the failure of the people who practiced polytheism as he grew apart from his dad. From that day on Constantine slowl y moved away from his old ways and started turning to Christianity instead. Trying to save Rome from an economic down fall Constantine tried various things to assist the economy. He tried a variety of things from simply stabilizing the prices to more drastic things like creating new laws that helped benefit the free man. (Halls) Tenants also who mediate flight may be bound with chains and reduced to a servile condition They shall fulfill duties that befit free man. nines 1970:312) No matter what Constantine did it ensured a positive impact on the Roman economy. Other things like ensuing social stability to make the people within the empire come and worry-free. Though is less drastic measures were working he knew that he needed more powerful actions to fully restore the Roman Empire to its original state. Such administrative reforms like the monetary reform were introduced into the economy, which ultimately lead to the establishment of the gold coin. The gold coin had a great succession and was used for trade throughout the whole world. (Several) The coin was a gold solidus that had very little change and was stable in the entire empire until the fall of the Byzantine Empire. Consequently, Constantine hard work did not pay of when the economic stress of Rome ultimately divided Rome. The result of high taxes that couldnt be resolved caused distress and anxiety among many people in Ancient Rome. Also the Roman government wasnt supposed to support as big of an empire as the empire grew to be. The government was more comfortable supporting and more experienced with small city-states and never expected for the Empire to grow that drastically. The effect of the economic stress divided Rome into two different capitals and empires. (Cohen) Division between West and East Rome also made the coin that was introduced useless due to inflation, which eventually ended in Romeos workers to stop working. During his ruling he also made impressive structures and basilicas in Rome. Almost everything Constantine did during his rule was to help Rome and especially to help the spread of Christianity. Even through the monumental architecture where he made his first basilica over the tomb of SST. Peter, to the arch of Constantine, to the Christi Gram, which later became the symbol of Rome. Eventually Constantine announced the Christi-Gram, which became the first Christian symbol that spread throughout the east and west. Going into the battle against Magentas, he had the Christi-gram painted on his soldiers shield and was he official symbol at that battle. The Christi-gram came from Greek letters Chi and Or, which was thought to mean Christ. (Morris) The next spectacular thing Constantine Contributed to Rome was The Arch of Constantine. The Arch of Constantine was built to commemorate the victory of Constantine over Majesties in the battle over the Mulligan Bridge in 312 A. D. The arch was to celebrate Constantine tenth anniversary of his reign. Still) In search to make his already booming empire better, Constantine conquered other empires to further expand his Empire. To develop his empire even move he went to war with Majesties, Luscious, ND even his own family. The fight first occurred at the bride of Milan and ended the era to political division, which reunified the Roman Empire (Constantine). The reason for the conflict is that Majesties extended his ruling to Spain and North Africa and Constant ine expanding into Gaul (Smiths). However Constantine still wanted to flourish and also tried to conquer Spain and North Africa. Subsequently the dispute between who wanted to expand where and into what part of Rome started the rival between the two. Up until the war with Luscious, there were two rulers in Rome during Constantine time. Constantine ruled with another ruler named Luscious until they fought each other in battle twice. The first time Luscious and Constantine clashed was at Adrenaline in Thrace, and then later in Acropolis on the Bosporus in 324. One known reason for the disagreement was Constantine Violated treaty terms and conditions when Luscious was not k with his decisions. Winning both wars in 325 Constantine showed he was the sole and undisputed master of the Roman World, and became a solo ruler. (Gill) To keep his prosperous Byzantine Empire up and running Constantine even went to extreme like moving the capital and even killing is own family members. Constantine killed every family member that tried to intervene with his Empire, such as his son Crisps, his wife Faust, and his daughter Maxima. (Hardboard) Killing his family members insured that they would not bring down his newly rising Byzantine Empire, because Constantine saw them as enemies and not friends. Moving away from the Pagan encrusted Rome to an all-new capital in the Byzantine Empire called Constantinople, established old Rome into a more successful place. In 286 Diocletian moved the Roman Capital to Italy where Constantine wrote religious toleration documents, which established a compelling UAPITA in the East and put another nail in the Commas figurative coffin. (Gill) The new capital Constantine moved into helped him further his conquest in making Christianity even more popular. The capital was mainly focused on being a good empire and making Christianity accepted. Overall the moving of the capital to Constantinople got the Roman people away from the polytheistic and pagan Rome, which helped the people accept the religion more easily. Some people would argue that Constantine was a bad emperor because he used Christianity to gain political power and not to support Christianity for the good of it. Although people say his something from it. He knew nothing of religion without politics, or politics without religion. This quote shows that he basically based everything of politics and religion and they both helped him make executive decisions throughout his reign. However Constantine wasnt the only one who used Christianity to help his political career. People like Alexander Envies, Stephan, first Christian kind of Serbia and Vladimir, enlightened of Russia used violence and political manipulation to bring people to the Christian faith. (Hardboard) Clearly Constantine wasnt the only emperor or ruler hat used political manipulation; nonetheless Constantine used it for good the good of spreading Christianity throughout Rome. In the end of Constantine ruling, he brought more worthy and respectable contributions to the Roman Empire then bad. In addition to Constantine becoming the first Roman Emperor to convert to Christianity and he was a benevolent ruler that looked after the well being of his people. He gave his time and used his political power to let Christianity become a accepted religion in Rome, set new economic reforms in motion to keep the Empire from falling, chipped in to the uprising artistic oral, and even fought his own family to keep Rome functioning properly. This great king was the first Roman ruler to champion the cause of Christ.

Mobile Phone and Technology free essay sample

Technology In our daily lives, technology is being improved and developed every day, and has changed our society tremendously. Due to technology improvement, we are provided with several information that we are curious about. Devices such as a GPS, cell phones, computers, and even a calculator makes our lives easier. Communication is one advantage of technology in our society. Technological advances have saved our lives and have benefited our society. It has brought distant places closer and has made our world a smaller place to live in. Technology has changed our understanding of the way things work and changes the way we interact with one another. Every day, a new device is being released or introduced to us. When we think of technology, we think of computers and electronic devices. The truth is, technology can be almost anything. For example, the wheel is an example of technology and was one of the first few technology first invented. The wheel was invented and first discovered by Mesopotamians. Nowadays, we have wheels on our cars, bicycles, chairs, etc. it has made our lives easier to move around. Another example of a technology that has been developed in modern day society is the first computer. In 1837 Charles Babbage proposed the first general mechanical computer, the Analytical Engine. Today, the computer is used worldwide and is being developed up till today. The computer has been improved an developed into a thin working machine and it provides us with several information. Companies that build these types of technologies want to make them better and more efficient and they keep releasing new devices that are smaller and faster. Everyone around the world, in terms of communication technology, ses any type of device to communicate. One of the most important effect and change of technology is communication. An endless number of people all over the world use and benefit from modern technology Computers were developed to attain the capability of being portable and integrate communication at the same time. Later on, laptops were invented. Instead of having to sit ata desktop, you can carry a laptop around with you, and get access to it through Wi-Fi. In terms of social media, many individuals use several sites to communicate with each other, such as, Facebook, Twitter, Myspace, Instagram, Gmail, etc. This had helped many people in such way as communicating with a relative or a loved around any part of the world, or finding the one for them. As a result of the internet and social media, it can be extremely beneficial. For instance, say a student is absent from class, and he/she is missing homework; he/she can simply aska classmate through an email or any social media or their teacher through the computer or phone. Without the use of communication through phones, computers, and laptops, the outcome would lead to many unsolved problems and unknown solutions. We wouldnt get business done. The evolution of technology has dramatically changed society. Medical technology, referring to equipment such as MRI and CT Scanners, mammograms, etc. , has improved the human life. Medical technology has extended our life expectancy. and examine what has happened to them. Examining the problem of the patient, through the outcome of the result of the scans or tests, the doctor or physician can determine what kind of treatment to provide the patient to cure them. From treatments to removing a tumor, giving vaccines, identifying a type of medication is all due to technology. This has made an impact in everyones lives. For instance, for those who suffer from diabetes now have access to very accurate blood glucose monitoring technologies. This means that they can monitor on a daily basis and control their condition much more effectively reducing the risk of suffering the common signs of diabetes, such as blindness and nerve damage. Technology in the medical field has allowed the ability for individuals with any type of illness, to have productive lives. Technology has made an incredible impression on education. Everything from smart boards to smart phones has transformed education from tudents and instructors perspectives. These tools have enhanced communication, research, literacy, etc. They impact the way students learn. As students continue to rely upon technology, they will master these tools and how they work, increasing their ability on education. In addition, if a student is home schooled or needs tutoring, an excellent way to approach this, is through the internet. The students can get tutoring online from teachers. Another way technology has made an astounding influence on education is doing research. A student might have to do a report or an ssay on a topic he/she has never heard about nor has little knowledge about; they can basically go online and do research on that topic. The internet will provide you with countless information. In addition, with computers teachers can monitor a students progress or give them more individual help they need. Nowadays, students dont need to carry around an enormous heavy book around. All they need is a laptop or a portable device. They can find all the books they need for their classes, instead of having to have several books stacked up on each other. It saves you less money and weight. In terms of education, technology has been proven to help students reach their goals and become successful in achieving their goals. Technological advances can be a significant part of life and can makes our lives unproblematic. However, some individuals might not think the same way and might not agree to this statement. Social networking can cause many problems. There have been many reports on cyber bullying and it has led to several deaths. For example, a female can be talking toa male online, and she might think hes generous, and she might want to meet him somewhere. As a result of this case, she ould possibly get raped, abducted, or killed. The main point is that people can imitate or make a fake profile of themselves and place someone elses picture online and the other person wouldnt know who it really is. Many parents fear when their child is online talking to someone because they think of the other related stories that have happened to other individuals. Otherwise, a safe solution is to simply not talk to anyone online or make sure it is the person that you are really talking to. You can do this by trying to video chat with them, but never try to meet up with them. The ey is to be careful and take caution of who you are talking to. ducation, industry, medicine, communication, transportation, etc. In my perspective, technology is a great thing in life. It has helped me in plenty of ways. Due to medication, when having the flu, and taking the antibiotics, it makes me feel better and healthier. You can also get the vaccine to prevent the sickness from happening. Furthermore, communication also has benefited me. I commun icate with family members that I have from other countries, such as Guyana. Having a computer , laptop, or cell phone, helps you communicate with anyone around the world and ssists you in keeping updated with them. Watching the news every morning on the television, keeps me and others updated with events that are occurring around us, including updates about the weather so you k now what to wear before you step out the house. Besides communication, doing homework and research in relation to education, the internet helps out with a great number of solutions to problems and information. It benefits me in getting things finished more rapidly and I learn more from the devices I use, making me more advanced in my education. Technology has helped me throughout my daily life. Technology is being improved and developed every day, and has changed our society tremendously. Tremendous opportunities it provides play a significant role in almost all fields of human life. The devices that we use today, that were used in the past (about 20 or more years ago) are still being improved in several ways such as a computer, and most importantly, cellular phones. Today, we have phones and laptops that are much smaller, thinner, and faster. Communication is the number one beneficiary in our society and has helped us get to know each other way better and made our world a smaller place to live in. Medicine has made everyones life expectancy longer. Years ago, the life expectancy would be approximately 30-50 years of age. Nowadays, people live from 60 to almost 90-100 years of age. Moreover, technology has promoted and assisted many students in education in terms of getting the right information and gaining more knowledge of what they want to learn. Technologys purpose is to make tasks simpler for humans to perform. In 2013, we need technology to help us make a solution to our problems and it has definitely made our daily lives a lot more modest and straightforward.

Media Violence Essays - Dispute Resolution, Criminology, Crime

Media Violence Jason Brooks English 101 Nov. 14, 1997 Persuasive Essay: The Impact of Media Violence Monkey see, monkey do has become a well-known saying in todays society, but is it correct? Just sixty years ago the invention of the television was viewed as a technological curiosity with black and white ghost-like figures on a screen so small hardly anyone could see them. Today that curiosity has become a constant companion to many, mainly children. From reporting the news and persuading us to buy certain products, to providing programs that depict violence, television has all but replaced written material. Unfortunately, it is these violent programs that are endangering our present-day society. Violent images on television, as well as in the movies, have inspired people to set spouses on fire in their beds, lie down in the middle of highways, extort money by placing bombs in airplanes, rape, steal, murder, and commit numerous other shootings and assaults. Over 1,000 case studies have proven that media violence can have negative affects on children as well. It increases aggressiveness and anti-social behavior, makes them less sensitive to violence and to victims of violence, and it increases their appetite for more violence in entertainment and in real life. Media violence is especially damaging to young children, age 8 and under1, because they cannot tell the difference between real life and fantasy. Violent images on television and in movies may seem real to these children and sometimes viewing these images can even traumatize them. Despite the negative effects media violence has been known to generate, no drastic changes have been made to deal with this problem that seems to be getting worse. We, as a whole, have glorified this violence so much that movies such as Natural Born Killers and television shows such as Mighty Morphin Power Rangers are viewed as normal, everyday entertainment. Its even rare now to find a childrens cartoon that does not depict some type of violence or comedic aggression. What we do not realize though, is that it is the children that are ending up with problems. Unlike most rational, educated adults, many children are gradually beginning to accept violence as a way to solve problems and are imitating what they observe on television. These children do not understand that the violence is shown strictly because the public wants to see it. They cannot grasp the meaning of ratings and entertainment as well as adults can. All they know is, if the TV portrays violence as cool, then it must be cool! The problem isnt the violence in the media though; it is the medias failure to show the consequences of violence. This is especially true of cartoons, toy commercials, and music videos. Children often do not realize that it hurts to hit someone else because they see it all the time on TV. Everyday a cartoon character is beat up, injured, or killed, only to return in the very next episode, good as new. As a result, children learn that there are few, if any repercussions for committing violent acts. Unfortunately, as long as there is an extremely high public demand for violent shows and movies, the media is going to continue on the same path. And because it looks as though the violence craze is going to continue for some time, we need to be dependent on parents to reduce the effect that media violence has on children, which can be done in so many different ways. First, parents should limit the amount of television children watch per day from the average 3 to 4 hours, which is double the amount of recommended hours, to 1 to 2 hours. Children are exposed to far too much violence every day on TV, mainly because parents see the TV as a convenient babysitter. By limiting the amount of time spent in front of the tube, parents will compel their children to do something more productive like reading a book or playing outside. In limiting TV time, parents also need to monitor what programs their children are watching and restrict the viewing of violent programs. Just because a child is not watching as much violence, does not mean he or she still cant be influenced by it.

Household bleach Essays

Household bleach Essays Household bleach Essay Household bleach Essay Introduction Household Bleach is one of the most helpful tools in most American families. There are two chief categories of family bleach: Cl bleaches and non-chlorine bleaches. All of these bleaches are in a category of chemicals known as oxidative agents, intending that they cause a chemical reaction called oxidization when they come into contact with certain discolorations, certain sources or other beings, and sometimes clothing dyes. Bleach is a really utile chemical, both around the house and for big graduated table usage. You can utilize bleach to take discolorations on vesture or to whiten your wash. It s used to disinfect surfaces, excessively, particularly in the kitchen and bathroom. You may hold tried bleach to take cast and mold. Hospital forces use bleach as a germicide, hotels use bleach to clean and disinfect bed linens and surfaces, and eating houses disinfect nutrient readying surfaces with chlorine bleach. Peoples use Cl in swimming pools to maintain the H2O clean and raise the pH, and in much smaller concentrations to assist maintain municipal H2O supplies free of harmful beings. Companies sometimes add chlorine bleach to industrial effluent to cut down olfactory property, and Cl is used by the glass, chemical, pharmaceutical, fabric, agribusiness, pigment and paper industries. With its many utilizations, bleach its a really familiar merchandise to most people. While the word bleach entered the English linguistic communication around the twelvemonth 1050, bleach incorporating Na hypochlorite was foremost manufactured in the U.S. in 1913, for usage as an institutional germicide and a H2O intervention. Before that, chemicals such as borax, ammonium hydroxide and lye were the most common bleaches in the U.S. , and bleaches made utilizing Cl were by and large excessively expensive to fabricate until the twentieth century. Clorox Chemical, subsequently called the Clorox Company, foremost gave samples of bleach to consumers for family usage in 1922 [ beginnin g: American Chemistry Council ] . Since Cl bleach was faster and more effectual than the bleaches people had been utilizing, it rapidly became the most popular family bleach. Today, when we say, bleach, we normally mean chlorine bleach. So what precisely is chlorine bleach, and how does it work? Worlds have been whitening cloths for centuries ; ancient Egyptians, Greeks, and Romans faded stuffs. Equally early as 300 B.C. , sodium carbonate ash, prepared from burned seaweed, was used to clean and whiten fabric. During the Middle Ages, the Dutch perfected the bleaching of cloths in a procedure called crofting, whereby cloths were spread out in big Fieldss for maximal sunlight exposure. Textile Millss as far off as Scotland shipped their stuff to the Netherlands for this bleaching. The pattern rapidly spread throughout Europe, and decoloring Fieldss were documented in Great Britain every bit early as 1322. In 1728 a bleaching company utilizing Dutch methods went into concern in Gallo way, Scotland. In this procedure, the cloths were soaked in a lye solution for several yearss, so bucked, or washed clean. The cloths were so spread out on the grass for hebdomads at a clip. This procedure was repeated five or six times until the coveted whiteness was achieved. Following, the cloth was treated with rancid milk or buttermilk, and once more bucked and crofted. This method was drawn-out and boring, and it monopolized big piece of lands of land that could hold been used for agriculture. Late in the eighteenth century, scientists discovered a chemical that had the same consequence as crofting, but yielded much quicker consequences. In 1774, Swedish chemist Karl Wilhelm Scheele discovered the chemical component Cl, a extremely annoying, green-yellowish gaseous halogen. In 1785, the Gallic scientist Claude Berthollet found that Cl was an first-class lightening agent in cloths. Some factory operators attempted to expose their cloths to chlorine gas, but the procedure was so cumbrous and the exhausts so strong that these efforts were shortly abandoned. Near Paris, in the town of Javel, Berthollet began a little installation for the industry of a new merchandise called Eau de Javelle. The bleaching pulverization consisted of potassium hydroxide ( soda ash ) which had absorbed Cl gas. In 1799, another decoloring pulverization was invented by Scots chemist Charles Tennant. In the early old ages of the Industrial Revolution, his patented calcium hydroxide pulverization was widely used to whiten a assortment of cloths and paper merchandises. To do the bleaching pulverization, slaked calcium hydroxide ( lime treated with H2O ) was spread thinly over the concrete or lead floor of a big room. Chlorine gas was pumped into the room to be absorbed by the calcium hydroxide. Though an effectual bleaching agent, the pulverization was chemically unstable. It was The natural stuffs for doing household bleach are Cl, acerb sodium carbonate, and H2O. The Cl and acer b sodium carbonate are produced by seting direct current electricity through a Na chloride salt solution in a procedure called electrolysis. normally used until around World War I, when liquid Cl and Na hypochlorite solutions-the precursors of modern family bleach-were introduced. About this clip, research workers found that shooting salt H2O with electrical current broke down the salt ( sodium chloride ) molecules and produced a compound called Na hypochlorite. This find enabled the mass production of Na hypochlorite, or Cl, bleach. Types of Bleach Today, bleach is found in about every family. It whitens cloths and removes discolorations by a chemical reaction that breaks down the unsought colour into smaller atoms that can be easy removed by rinsing. The two types of family bleach are chlorine bleach and peroxide bleach. Peroxide bleach was introduced in the 1950s. Though it helps to take discolorations, particularly in higher wash temperatures, it will non decolor most coloured stuffs and does non weaken cloths, as does sodium hypochlorite bleach. Peroxide bleach does non disinfect and is normally added to laundry detergents which are advertised as color-safe. It besides has a longer shelf life than chlorine bleach. Peroxide bleach is more normally used in Europe, where rinsing machines are manufactured with interior heating spirals that can raise the H2O temperature to the boiling point. The more common signifier of family bleach in the U.S. is chlorine bleach. It is most effectual in taking discolorations and disinfecting c loths. Chlorine bleach is inexpensive to fabricate and effectual in both warm and hot wash temperatures. However, it has strong chemical belongingss which can weaken fabric fibres. The disinfecting belongingss of chlorine bleach can besides be utile outside the wash. Chlorine bleach disinfects imbibing H2O where groundwater taint has occurred, as it is a powerful disinfectant. It was foremost used to sanitise imbibing H2O in New York City s Croton Reservoir in 1895, and is approved by the authorities for sanitising equipment in the nutrient industry. In recent old ages, bleach has been promoted by community wellness militants as a low-priced method of disinfecting the acerate leafs of endovenous drug users. Natural Materials The natural stuffs for doing household bleach are Cl, acerb sodium carbonate, and H2O. The Cl and acerb sodium carbonate are produced by seting direct current electricity through a Na chloride salt solution in a procedure called electrolysis. Sodium chloride, common tabular array salt, comes from either mines or belowground Wellss. The salt is dissolved in hot H2O to organize a salt solution, which is so treated for drosss before it is reacted in the electrolytic cell. The Manufacturing Procedure Fixing the constituents 1 Acerb sodium carbonate is normally produced and shipped as a concentrated 50 % solution. At its finish, this concentrated solution is diluted with H2O to organize a new 25 % solution. 2 Heat is created when the H2O dilutes the strong acerb sodium carbonate solution. The diluted acerb sodium carbonate is cooled before it is reacted. The chemical reaction 3 Chlorine and the acerb sodium carbonate solution are reacted to organize Na hypochlorite bleach. This reaction can take topographic point in a batch of about 14,000 gallons or in a uninterrupted reactor. To make Na hypochlorite, liquid or gaseous Cl is circulated through the acerb sodium carbonate solution. The reaction of Cl and acerb sodium carbonate is basically instantaneous. Cooling and sublimating 4 The bleach solution is so cooled to assist forestall decomposition. 5 Often this cooled bleach is settled or filtered to take drosss that can discolor the bleach or catalyse its decomposition. Transporting 6 The finished Na hypochlorite bleach is shipped to a bottling works or bottled on-site. Household-strength bleach is typically 5.25 % Na hypochlorite in an aqueous solution. Quality Control In the bleach fabrication installation, the concluding Na hypochlorite solution is put through a series of filters to pull out any left-over drosss. It is besides tested to do certain that it contains precisely 5.25 % Na hypochlorite. Safety is a primary concern at fabrication workss because of the presence of volatile Cl gas. When the Cl is manufactured outside the reactor installation, it travels in liquid signifier in specially designed railway armored combat vehicle autos with dual walls that will non tear in the event of a derailment. On reaching at the works, the liquid Cl is pumped from the armored combat vehicle autos into keeping vat.. As a safety step, the armored combat vehicle autos have shutoff valves that work in concurrence with a Cl sensing system. In the event of a Cl leak, the sensing system triggers a device on the armored combat vehicle that automatically stops the transmittal of the liquid in 30 seconds. Inside the installation, Cl VATs are housed in an enclosed country called a auto barn. This enclosed room is equipped with air scrubbers to extinguish any at large Cl gas, which is harmful to worlds and the environment. The vacuum-like scrubber inhales any Cl gas from the enclosed country and injects it with acerb sodium carbonate. This turns it into bleach, which is incorporated into the fabrication procedure. Despite these safeguards, safety and fire drills are scheduled on a regular basis for works forces. Particular Considerations in Boxing Household Na hypochlorite bleach was introduced to Americans in 1909 and sold in steel containers, so in glass bottles. In the early 1960s, the debut of the plastic jug brought a cheaper, lighter, and nonbreakable packaging option. It reduced transit costs and protected the safety of workers involved in its transportation and handling. Additionally, the thick plastic did non allow ultraviolet visible radiation to make the bleach, which improved its chemical stableness and effectivity. In recent old ages, how-ever, plastic containers have become an environmental concern because of the clip it takes the stuff to break up in a landfill. Many companies that depend on plastic packaging, including bleach makers, have begun to cut down the sum of plastic in their packaging or to utilize recycled plastics. In the early 1990s, Clorox introduced post-consumer rosins ( PCR ) in its packaging. The newer bottles are a blend of virgin high-density polythene ( HDPE ) and 25 % recycled plastic, chie fly from clear milk jug-type bottles. Consumer Safety The bleach fabrication industry came under fire during the 1970s when the populace became concerned about the effects of family chemicals on personal wellness. Dioxin, a carcinogenic by-product of chemical fabrication, is frequently found in industrial merchandises used to decolor paper and wood. In its concluding bottled signifier, common Na hypochlorite bleach does non incorporate dioxins because Cl must be in a gaseous province for dioxins to be. However, Cl gas can organize when bleach comes into contact with acid, an ingredient in some toilet-bowl cleaners, and the labels on family bleach contain specific warnings against such combination. In add-on to the danger of dioxins, consumers have besides been concerned about the toxicity of Cl in Na hypochlorite bleach. However, the wash procedure deactivates the potentially toxic Cl and causes the formation of salt H2O. After the rinse H2O enters the H2O system through the family drain, municipal H2O filtration workss take the staying hints of Cl.

Personal statement Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 13

Personal Statement Example I joined the Likie Fashion College to learn the basics about fashion and got an opportunity to express myself creatively. My sole ambition now is to become a professional pattern designer and set the fashion trends in motion. I wish to take a degree on the subject of pattern designer, as I think creating patterns is the backbone of the industry that sets in motion the subsequent activities for the final product. By now I have a clear understanding about pattern designing, and have developed the ability to identify and forecast the trends for the coming 18-24 months. I have good communication skills to explain the intricacies of my patterns to the prospective buying houses and I am sure to impress them to deal with me on an ongoing basis. I keep myself up-to-date about the latest fashion trends by extensive study on the subject of fashions. I have the skills to critically assess the products of the competitors, their strengths and weaknesses. Your College has the sterling facilities for the ambitious pattern designer students with your latest cutting edge design studio. I would like to take benefit of the facilities by being a regular student of your

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Assess 'Reformasi' and the democratic transition in Indonesia - Essay Example An assessment is made of the ideals and goals of Reformasi and how these compare with the present reality. The conclusion identifies key issues facing the country. Indonesia is a Southeast Asian archipelago of over 12,000 islands, with a total population of 270 million, making it one of the largest Islamic nations in the world (CIA, 2007). A Dutch colony for over 350 years, it gained independence in 1945 under Sukarno, a nationalist leader who established a parliamentary government with him as its first President. By 1959, the government was struggling to contain three challenging threats: Islamism, communism, and militarisation. Sukarno established a â€Å"Guided Democracy† characterised by military-backed authoritarian rule, a non-aligned foreign policy, and socialist anti-modern economic policies, all of which proved chaotic and difficult to manage (Smith, 1999). Due to growing threats to peace and stability, the army staged a coup d’etat in 1965 under the leadership of Army Minister Suharto, who justified it as the only way to protect the nation from communism. Sukarno was deposed and on house arrest until his death in 1970. In 1967, Suharto was declared President and ruled Indonesia until his resignation in May 1998, succeeded by his hand-picked successor, B.J. Habibie, who initiated the period of reform in Indonesian politics. During his short term, he allowed parliamentary elections, granted independence to East Timor, and in October 1999 handed the Presidency to Abdurrahman Wahid, who in July 2001 stepped down on charges of corruption and handed power to Megawati, Sukarno’s daughter. When her term ended in late 2004, Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono or SBY, a retired Army general who played a key role in 1998 became the country’s first democratically elected President (Soesastro et al., 2003; McGibbon, 2006). Indonesia’s recent history could be divided into three

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Democratic Systems - Essay Example Dependants admitted in Britain (in thousands) 1 July 1962 - 31 December 1972 Source: Adapted from the Home Office, Commonwealth Immigrants Acts of 1962 and 1968: Control of Immigration, Statistics 1972, Cmnd. 5285, London, HMSO, 1973; and previous volumes published annually in the same series. In 1968 it has been passed the Bill against discrimination, however it has been accompanied by the new legislation, which has made control over the entrance to the country tougher and sharply reduced the quantity of new immigrants. The same year during parliamentary discussion on racial relation Enoch Powell (that time the speaker of conservatives) has made the speech in Birmingham, in which he has expressed his anxiety on occasion of sharp increase of non-white population of Britain. Moreover the Gallup Poll has shown, that 75 % of British more or are less solidary with Powell's estimation.With the purpose of struggle against racial discrimination in 1976 British third Race Relations Ac has been passed. The Act forbade discrimination at employment, rent or purchase of accommodations, acceptance in clubs and organization. For supervision over the execution of the Act it has been founded the Commission for Racial Equality (CRE), which has been allocated with the broad powers. The dec isions of Commission had the status of the law. However 1970s have been also marked by occurrence of frankly racist party of British National Front. In reply to this there have appeared the organizations resisting the National Front. For example, in 1977 for counteraction to propagation of National Front the Anti-Nazi League (ANL) has been founded.By 1990s the inhabitants of the Great Britain having West-Indies and South-Asian... In May of 2001 in Oldham two nights on end police and special troops unsuccessfully tried to stop the fight between white Englishmen and the Indian and Pakistan immigrants. The conflict had its own background. The Pakistan youth has declared the creation of special areas in Oldham where no white person should step. It has been presented as a necessary measure because the police do not protect Pakistan immigrants from excesses of white racists. The young people have started to gather in some similarity of knots of self-defence. In April 2001 an Englishman by name Walter Chamberlain ‘was hospitalised with a broken nose and cheekbones after three Asians attacked him saying, ‘This is our area, get out’ (Milmo, 2001). The point is that this old man crossed a "no go" zone for whites. A veteran of the World War II, 76-years Walter Chamberlain, has been brutally beaten by a group of teenagers-immigrants. Certainly, there were also the others white people, who crossed â€Å"no go† zones; however this old man has appeared to be the easiest prey. Far right powers have immediately answered. They have attacked the Pakistan shop and have thrown a stone in a window of the house, where lived pregnant woman of the Asian origin. From that moment the violence flamed up. For a start about hundred young Asians have crushed a pub, throwing it with bottles with Molotov cocktail. Then more than 500 young men arranged two-day riot.

Gender Language Acquisition And Language Use Psychology Essay

Gender Language Acquisition And Language Use Psychology Essay INTRODUCTION Over the last thirty years there has been a sharp increase of research on the differences between men and women, in particular the extent to which men and women use language differently. The purpose of this project is to identify the differences between male and female speech and how societys attitude towards gender has an impact on language acquisition and language use. Firstly this project will introduce the subject of sociolinguistics with a focus on stereotyping, language acquisition and the general differences in speech between males and females. Secondly, current opinions and attitudes will be discussed along with recent research that has been carried out examining if gender stereotyping exists and whether it has an impact on language acquisition and the way language is used. Lastly it will analyse findings from my own research of colour terms used by a sample of 10 children. Sociolinguistics is the study of the relationship between language and society, and how society influences or affects the way in which language is used by individuals or groups (Crystal, 2008). Gender Difference is a branch of sociolinguistics that focuses on how males and females communicate and what differences there are between the two sexes. Over the last 20 years research has been conducted to try and answer such questions as Do women really talk more than men? Do men swear more than women? and Do women gossip more than men. The main differences identified between the way men and women communicate are: mens language is more dominant, aggressive, assertive, confident and forceful and womens language is submissive, cooperative, emotional and sincere (Pearson, 1985). Research has been carried out to examine whether these differences are due to biological or social factors. LITERATURE REVIEW Early research examining the relationship between gender and language was first carried out by Lakoff in 1975 and published in her book Language and Womans Place. Lakoff identified several factors that make womans language different to mens. Womens language contains more: Hedge phrases: sort of, it seems like; Polite forms: would you mindà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦; Tag questions: you are coming to dinner, arent you?; Standard English and tend to avoid using expletives. Lakoff stated that women are reluctant to force their views on another person which explains the use of hedge phrases. This view was supported by McMillan et al (1977). In relation to tag questions, Mulac Lundell (1986) found similar results with their research however studies by Dubois Crouch (1975) contradicts this as they found that men were more likely to use tag questions than women. Holmes (1984) also disagreed with Lakoffs suggestions of tag question and found that in most cases women used them to give the person being spoken to an opportunity to speak. Lakoffs research also found that women notice more detail than men causing women to be more perceptive; they notice things such as tone of voice, facial expression, and body language. She noted that women use a greater variety of descriptions when describing colours, (violet instead of purple or crimson rather than red. Glass (1992) carried out research to identify biological differences and found that in males the right hemisphere of the brain matures faster than the left where as the opposite occurs in females with the left hemisphere of the brain developing first. Therefore men are more adept at right hemisphere tasks such as solving mathematical problems while women are better with left hemisphere tasks such as developing language and vocabulary. Differences that arise due to social factors could be due to the fact that there is an element of sexism in language which instils gender stereotyping. Words that represent women or refer to women tend to have negative connotations (Romaine, 2008). If we look at the words that describe a single male (bachelor) and a single female (spinster), for many people the word bachelor would imply a young, single, professional male with prospects where as the word spinster would suggest a lonely, old female, yet they both mean the same for each gender. Nilsen (1977) carried out research using 500 dictionary words which had either male or female connotations. 385 were found to have male connotations compared to only 132 with female connotations. Nilsen looked at the words for negative connotations and found that the number of words with negative female connotations outweighed the number of male ones by 25%. There has been a lot of research examining whether the impact of gender stereotyping at an early age has had an influence in the use of language. Eisenberg et al (1985) found that parents will more often than not choose toys that are associated with their childs gender. Caldera (1989) looked at the type of toys children play with and the role they have in language development. He found that boys toys such as cars and trains have low levels of teaching and questioning and require little or no interaction with a parent. Boys will often mimic the sounds related to the toy (e.g. beep beep for a car or choo choo for a train) but the toy requires no conversation. In contrast, girls toys such as dolls and prams require a certain amount of role play that elicits constant verbal interaction with the toy with the child giving a step by step account of what will happen next (e.g. it is now time for your nap), which often leads to a parent becoming more involved making comments and questioning ( Caldera, 1989). By the end of a childs first year gender differences are already evident in the way they play and dress and the way adults interact and communicate with them. Parents will typically choose to dress a boy in blue or a girl in pink because that is what gender stereotyping dictates. Pearson Davilla (2001) found that baby boys are often described as strong, solid and independent where as baby girls are described as loving, cute and sweet thus reinforcing gender stereotypes. This type of gender stereotyping has also been found to occur in school textbooks with language often emphasising the ideas of males and females (Cameron, 2007). The use of terms like he, him and his, and men when referring to a person or people reinforces gender language with females made to look inferior to males. Males and females are typically represented in traditional gender roles with women as mothers and housewives, and men as professional breadwinners. Again women are portrayed in more submissive and inferior roles. This was more noticeable with reading schemes from the 1960s and 1970s. Males are also seen as having more opportunities than females as they are portrayed as being more adventurous and physically stronger than women. Females seem more caring and are seen as more interested in domestic matters taking a submissive role to allow male dominance. However Bradley (1981) and Weatherall (2002) have argued that there are no significant differences between male and female speech. METHODOLOGY In order to obtain comparable data I needed to ask a sample of children to look at a picture and give the name of each colour of a specific object within the picture. As this research was to be conducted during the Christmas season I used a sample of children who were attending a Christmas party. I devised a questionnaire which contained a colourful Christmas themed picture of Santa flying his sleigh along with five questions asking to name the colour of different objects within the picture (Appendix 1). The picture chosen had different shades of colour in order to allow a variety of answers for a particular object. The research was carried out on a small scale using a mixture of interpretive and positivist methods. A sample size of 10 children was used ranging from age 4 to 9 with an equal number of males and females to allow a more accurate comparison of data relating to gender. The children sampled were enjoying themselves at a Christmas party. Each child was sat down individually at a quiet table and asked to describe the colour of the various objects in each question. They were also asked their age. The time taken to answer the questions was an average of 4 minutes per child. FINDINGS I have analysed the findings for each question individually in order to compare the differences between genders. Q.1. What colour is Santas hat? In the picture, Santas hat is a standard red colour therefore it is not surprising that red was the answer given by 100% of the children. Q.2. What colour is the sky? The sky is a shade of blue which could be described as a light blue or sky blue. 80% of the boys gave the answer blue where as this answer was only given by 20% of the girls. Sky blue was the most popular answer which was given by 60% of the girls. Light blue was given by 20% of girls and 20% of boys. Q.3 What colour is Rudolph? Rudolph is a brown colour that could be described in a number of ways. 80% of boys answered brown compared to 40% of girls. Interestingly one girl (20%) gave the answer nutmeg while a second girl (20%) answered fawn and a third girl (20%) answering light brown. Fawn brown was also given by 20% of boys. Q.4. What colour is Rudolphs scarf? Rudolphs scarf is a dark shade of green. Green was the answer given by 80% of boys and 80% of girls. Only two other shades were given; moss green (20% boys) and sage (20% of girls). Q.5. What colour is Santas sleigh? Santas sleigh is red but it is a much darker shade of colour than his hat. Of the boys sampled, 80% gave the answer red with only one boy (20%) giving a different answer of burgundy. None of the girls gave the simple answer of red. 60% distinguished that is was a much darker red than Santas hat and therefore described it as dark red. One girl (20%) gave the answer maroon and another girl (20%) gave the answer burgundy. The table below shows the results along with each Childs gender and age: Response to Questions Child Gender Age Q.1 Q.2 Q.3 Q.4 Q.5 A M 8 Red Light Blue Fawn Brown Moss Green Burgundy B M 8 Red Blue Brown Green Red C M 9 Red Blue Brown Green Red D M 4 Red Blue Brown Green Red E M 7 Red Blue Brown Green Red F F 6 Red Sky Blue Nutmeg Sage Maroon G F 7 Red Light Blue Fawn Green Burgundy H F 5 Red Blue Brown Green Dark Red I F 6 Red Sky Blue Light Brown Green Dark Red J F 6 Red Sky Blue Brown Green Dark Red DISCUSSION/ANALYSIS The results show that females take more notice of details than males as the female children were more perceptive when looking at the picture and therefore gave a greater variety of colour descriptions. These results agree with Lakoffs research of Language and Womens Place. Lakoffs research was published more than thirty years ago and her specific claims about the way language is used by woman have been overturned as more recent research does not support them as the research was based on intuition. (Cameron, 2007). However, Lakoffs arguments that language-use, gender and power are all connected is still supported (Cameron, 2007). Individual differences may account for some of the variations in the results. Child A, a male child, gave colour terms of Red, Light Blue, Fawn Brown, Moss Green and Burgundy which suggests that other social factors besides gender stereotyping may have an influence. The way people use language is affected by the context of the situation they are in and to whom they are engaging in conversation with (Cameron, 2007). Holmes (1984) uses the analogy of a tightrope to explain: Women are obliged to walk a tightrope of impression management, continually demonstrating their professional competence while also making clear that they have not lost their femininity that they are not, for example, aggressive or uncaring (Cameron, 2007). Factors such as socio economic background, parent influence and other interests may have a direct effect on language acquisition and needs to be researched further. CONCLUSION The differences between males and females can be attributed to biological and social factors. Research by Glass (1992) shows that the brain develops differently in males and females which results in the two genders having a preference for tasks that are associated with that part of their brain that matures faster. Social factors such as gender stereotyping has a significant influence on language use as it helps to reinforce the roles that society dictates men and women should have. Gender stereotyping occurs from birth Females use language as a way to develop personal relationships where as men use language to assert independence and status. People adapt their language to different contexts therefore gender differences is a difficult area to study. Gender alone cannot account for differences in language use and as such other factors such as socio economic background, education and individual differences should be taken in to account. Much of the research carried out has identified what the differences are between male and female speech but with little suggestions as to why these differences occur. REFERENCE LIST Bradley, P. H. (1981) The Folk Linguistics of Womens Speech: An Empirical Examination. Communication Monographs. 48, pp73-90 Caldera, Y.M. (1989) Social interactions and play patterns of parents and toddlers with feminine, masculine and neutral toys. Child Development, 60, pp70-76. Cameron, D. (2007) The Myth of Mars and Venus. New York: Oxford University Press Crystal, David. (2003) The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language. Second Edition. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, p.298 Dubois, B. L., Crouch, I. (1975) The question of tag questions in womens speech: They dont really use more of them, do they? Language in Society, 4(3), pp.289-294. Eisenberg, A.R. et al (1985) Childrens Talk: Learning to use Language. New York: Norton. Glass, L. (1992) He Says, She Says. Closing the Communication Gap Between the Sexes. New York: G.P. Putnams Sons. Holmes, J. (1984) Hedging Your Bets and Sitting on the Fence: Some Evidence for Tag Questions as Support Structures. Te Reo, 27, pp.47-62. Lakoff, R. (1975) Language and Womans Place. New York: Harper Colophon Books. McMillan, J. R. et al (1977) Womens language: Uncertainty or interpersonal sensitivity and emotionality? Sex Roles, 3, pp.545-559. Mulac, A., Lundell, T. L. (1986) Linguistic contributors to the gender-linked language effect. Journal of Language Social Psychology, 5, pp.81-101. Nilsen, A. et al (1977)  Sexism and language. Illinois: National Council of Teachers of English, pp.161-179. Pearson, J. C. (1985) Gender and Communication. Iowa: W.N.C. Brown Publishers. Pearson, J. C., Davilla, R. (2001) The Gender Construct: Understanding Why Men and Women Communicate Differently. In Borisoff, D. Women and Men Communicating. Illinois: Waveland Press. Weatherall, A. (2002) Gender, Language and Discourse. London: Routledge

The Purpose of Education Essay -- Philosophy of Education Teaching Tea

The Purpose of Education As teachers endeavor into the field of education, it is imperative to ask exactly what the purpose of education is and why education has become one of the fundamental institutions of society. In examining this question, I realize that education serves as the basis for the organization of our culture, and essentially, the entire world and its influence is invaluable. I see four essential purposes of education: to foster thinking and reasoning skills in students, to create a sense of community, to develop life skills such as responsibility and cooperation, among others, and to provide a precursor for life’s continuous education. The most obvious purpose of education, and perhaps the one that many people view as the only purpose, is to instill in students a means of thinking. In our current education, this takes the form of several major subject areas, like math, science, history, and English, but these areas are constantly expanding to reflect our changing culture as students today are encouraged to expand their knowledges. But education goes beyond even providing subject information; it teaches students to think critically and rationally and to consider ideas— skills necessary in all life situations. The structure of education today, and throughout history, helps to provide a strong sense of community within society. Because students’ main access to other people outside their families is in school, thi...

How is Global Warming Effecting Hurricanes Essay

As we all know oceans cover about 70% of the Earth’s surface and typically the principle component of hydrosphere and contain roughly 97% of the Earth’s water supply. It plays very important role in the Earth’s climate by transferring warm as well as cold air and precipitation to coastal regions, where they may be carried inland by winds. The winds give energy to the sea surface that result in ocean currents. The currents carry heat from one location to another, changing the Earth’s surface temperature patterns and bring in changes in the atmosphere. Hence, ocean has a tremendous affect on climates and visa-versa. The thermohaline circulation of the ocean distributes heat energy between the equatorial and Polar Regions of the earth while other ocean currents do the same between land and water. However, today with the increase in the emissions of greenhouse gases, scientists and environmentalists are equally concerned that the polar ice caps could probably melt and contribute to the increase in ocean level. In recent years global warming is linked by many to the strength and number of hurricane. This is a research paper on a â€Å"CASE ANALYSIS† of a crisis we are facing with global warming and how it is affecting hurricanes. There are several studies that show that in the past years temperature has risen on the globe including the ocean temperature. Incidentally, during these years the number of hurricanes has also risen. This is the basic reason that scientists began to think if the increase in temperature is causing the disaster of hurricanes which need warm water to thrive. A few scientists also think that the temperature increase could also cause a â€Å"super-hurricanes† or the ultimate hurricanes in the U. S. east coast shores. It is predicted that these hurricanes will be more powerful than the once experienced till now (personal. psu. edu, N. D. ). Before we get into the details of how global warming can result in stronger and increasing number of hurricanes, it is important to understand what is global warming. Global Warming Global Warming as the word suggest is an increase of the global average temperature and is also termed as Greenhouse Effect. In general, the greenhouse gases include water vapor, carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxides which are responsible to trap heat that has been reflected from the earth’s surface. Scientific studies provide enough proof that on an average, the global temperature has increased 0. 5 °C over the last 100 years. However, there was a rapid increase in temperature only in the past 10-15 years and has resulted in climate changes (personal. psu. edu, N. D. ). The sea interacts with the atmosphere in two different methods, physically and chemically. The physical way is through the exchange of heat, water, and momentum. More than 70 percent of the Earth’s surface is covered by ocean and contains about 97 percent of its surface water and stores huge amounts of energy in the form of heat. Besides, the sea has comparatively large temperature resistance to change. Today, it is understood that the biological and physical performance of the ocean can change rapidly over minute and large areas. It usually decides the timing and models of climate change. When the heat increases over the ocean it escapes to warm the atmosphere and creates temperature variation in the atmosphere which in turn causes winds. As a result, winds move horizontally over the sea surface to drive ocean motion patterns. The variations in temperature and salinity cause vertical ocean currents which makes the warmer, fresher waters flow upwards as colder, denser or saltier water tends to move down. Eventually, a complex flow pattern is created through which the warm surface waters move pole ward where heat escapes fast to outer space, as cold, deep currents are established in the sea depths. Because of this complex ocean circulation movement system, the oceans and atmosphere get together to distribute heat and control climate. As this movement conveys huge amounts of heat and as a result more moderate climates on land areas that are nearer the ocean. It is not surprising to note that man’s increasing needs have simultaneously increased the load of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. The burning of fossil fuels releases many harmful pollutants particularly the greenhouse gases into the atmosphere and contributes global warming. Increases of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere increases the earth’s temperature and results in malting of glaciers and ice sheets (Meehl, et al. 2005).

Understand the Meaning of Heterozygous

Understand the Meaning of Heterozygous In diploid organisms, heterozygous refers to an individual having two different alleles for a specific trait. An allele is a version of a gene or specific DNA sequence on a chromosome. Alleles are inherited through sexual reproduction as the resulting offspring inherit half of their chromosomes from the mother and half from the father. The cells in diploid organisms contain sets of homologous chromosomes, which are paired chromosomes that have the same genes at the same positions along each chromosome pair. Although homologous chromosomes have the same genes, they may have different alleles for those genes. Alleles determine how particular traits are expressed or observed. Example: The gene for seed shape in pea plants exists in two forms, one form or allele for round seed shape (R) and the other for wrinkled seed shape (r). A heterozygous plant would contain the following alleles for seed shape: (Rr). Heterozygous Inheritance Complete Dominance: Diploid organisms have two alleles for each trait and those alleles are different in heterozygous individuals. Incomplete dominance inheritance, one allele is dominant and the other is recessive. The dominant trait is observed and the recessive trait is masked. Using the previous example, round seed shape (R) is dominant and wrinkled seed shape (r) is recessive. A plant with round seeds would have either of the following genotypes: (RR) or (Rr).  A plant with wrinkled seeds would have the following genotype: (rr). The heterozygous genotype (Rr) has the dominant round seed shape as its recessive allele (r) is masked in the phenotype.Incomplete dominance: One of the heterozygous alleles does not completely mask the other. Instead, a different phenotype is seen that is a combination of the phenotypes of the two alleles. An example of this is pink flower color in snapdragons. The allele that produces red flower color (R) is not completely expressed over the allele t hat produces white flower color (r). The result in the heterozygous genotype (Rr) is a phenotype that is a mixture of red and white, or pink. Codominance: Both of the heterozygous alleles are fully expressed in the phenotype. An example of codominance is AB blood type inheritance. The A and B alleles are expressed fully and equally in the phenotype and are said to be codominant. Heterozygous vs. Homozygous An individual that is homozygous for a trait has alleles that are similar. Unlike heterozygous individuals with different alleles, homozygotes only produce homozygous offspring. These offspring may be either homozygous dominant (RR) or homozygous recessive (rr) for a trait. They may not have both dominant and recessive alleles. In contrast, both heterozygous and homozygous offspring may be derived from a heterozygote (Rr). The heterozygous offspring have both dominant and recessive alleles that may express complete dominance, incomplete dominance, or codominance. Heterozygous Mutations Sometimes, mutations can occur on chromosomes that change the DNA sequence. These mutations are typically the result of either errors that happen during meiosis or by exposure to mutagens. In diploid organisms, a mutation that occurs on only one allele for a gene is called a heterozygous mutation. Identical mutations that occur on both alleles of the same gene are called homozygous mutations. Compound heterozygous mutations occur as a result of different mutations that happen on both alleles for the same gene.

Experience Psychology, 3rd edition Essays (1244 words) - Free Essays

Experience Psychology, 3rd edition Essays (1244 words) - Free Essays Experience Psychology, 3rd edition Chapter 2, The Brain and Behavior Vocabulary, Key Terms Adrenal glands: Glands at the top of each kidney that are responsible for regulating moods, energy level, and the ability to cope with stress. Afferent nerves: Also called sensory nerves; nerves that carry information about the external environment to the brain and spinal cord via sensory receptors. Agonist: A drug that mimics or increases a neurotransmitter's effects. Amygdala: An almond-shaped structure within the base of the temporal lobe that is involved in the discrimination of objects that are necessary for the organism's survival, such as appropriate food, mates, and social rivals. Antagonist: A drug that blocks a neurotransmitter's effects. Association cortex: Sometimes called association areas, the region of the cerebral cortex that is the site of the highest intellectual functions, such as thinking and problem solving. Autonomic nervous system: The body system that takes messages to and from the body's internal organs, monitoring such processes as breathing, heart rate, and digestion. Axon: The part of the neuron that carries information away from the cell body toward other cells. Basal ganglia: Large neuron clusters located above the thalamus and under the cerebral cortex that work with the cerebellum and the cerebral cortex to control and coordinate voluntary movements. Brain stem: The stemlike brain area that includes much of the hindbrain (excluding the cerebellum) and midbrain; connects with the spinal cord at its lower end and then extends upward to encase the reticular formation in the midbrain. Cell body: The part of the neuron that contains the nucleus, which directs the manufacture of substances that the neuron needs for growth and maintenance. Central nervous system (CNS): The brain and spinal cord. Cerebral cortex: Part of the forebrain, the outer layer of the brain, responsible for the most complex mental functions such as thinking and planning. Chromosomes: In the human cell, threadlike structures that come in 23 pairs, one member of each pair originating from each parent, and that contain DNA. Corpus callosum: The large bundle of axons that connects the brain's two hemispheres, responsible for relaying information between the two sides. Dendrites: Treelike fibers projecting from a neuron which receives information and orient it toward the neuron's cell body. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA): A complex molecule in the cell's chromosomes that carries genetic information. Dominant-recessive genes principle: The principle that if one gene of a pair is dominant and one is recessive, the dominant gene overrides the recessive gene. A recessive gene exerts its influence only if both genes of a pair are recessive. Efferent nerves: Also called motor nerves; nerves that carry information out of the brain and spinal cord to other areas of the body. Endocrine system: The body system consisting of a set of glands that regulate the activities of certain organs by releasing their chemical products into the bloodstream. Frontal lobes: The portion of the cerebral cortex behind the forehead involved in personality, intelligence, and the control of voluntary muscles. Gene x environment (g x e) interaction: The interaction of a specific measured variation in DNA and a specific measured aspect of the environment. Genes: The unit of hereditary information, consisting of short segments of chromosomes composed of DNA. Genotype: An individual's genetic heritage; his or her actual genetic material. Glands: Organs or tissues in the body that create chemicals that control many bodily functions. Hindbrain: Located in the skull's rear, the lowest portion of the brain, consisting of the medulla, cerebellum, and pons. Hippocampus: The structure in the limbic system that has a special role in the storage of memories. Hormones: Chemical messengers that are produced by the endocrine glands and carried by the bloodstream to all parts of the body. Hypothalamus: A small forebrain structure, located just below the thalamus that monitors three pleasurable activitieseating, drinking, and sexas well as emotion, stress, and reward. Limbic system: A set of subcortical brain structures central to emotion, memory, and reward processing. Motor cortex: A region in the cerebral cortex, located just behind the frontal lobes, that processes information about voluntary movement. Myelin sheath: A layer of fat cells that encases and insulates most axons. Neocortex: The outermost part of the cerebral cortex, making up 80 percent of

FUNDAMENTAL CONCEPTS, METHODS, & MODES IN THE HUMANITIES Essay - 3

FUNDAMENTAL CONCEPTS, METHODS, & MODES IN THE HUMANITIES - Essay Example Impressionist works include fairly small, slender, yet clear brush strokes, clear composition, stress on precise depiction of light in its varying qualities (frequently stressing the impacts of the passage of time), usual themes, insertion of movement as a vital factor of human insight and experience, as well as unusual visual angles. Post-Impressionism, on the other hand, describes the evolvement of French art after Manet. The movement extended impressionism whereas declining its limitations: they still maintained vivid colors, frequently thick use of paint and real-life theme or subject matter (Halsall, 2005). However, they were more prone to highlight geometric forms, bend form for a rich and open effect, and use arbitrary or unnatural color (Gowing, 2005). This paper will offer a wide-ranging assessment of these two art movements (impressionism and post-impressionism) by describing the characteristics of the two styles and social conditions that may have contributed to the advent of the style, the relationship between the periods, stylistic and historical similarities or differences between the periods, compare one specific work from the earlier period with one specific work from the later period and finally explain the stylistic influence that the later art period had on the future art world. Some of the vital traits of impressionism include clear brush strokes, day lighting, clear lines and less deep colors. Impressionist artists applied large and visible brush strokes to assist in portraying an abstract mood (Gowing, 2005). They developed diverse textures, both physically and visually, with different colors put together. Impressionist painters dedicated their entire works to a single object seen during diverse times of the day. The lines from this movement were normally subtle and blurry (Gowing, 2005). Finally, the colors from this movement were imaginary, though not essentially romanticized. Impressionism was the launch of a

Digital Marketing and Communications Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Digital Marketing and Communications - Essay Example There may also be more financial capital invested into the physical distribution process in order to ensure that convenience is injected into the consumer decision-making process as a criterion for making future purchases. Digital marketing, however, makes use of technologies in order to maximise the return on investment for marketing activities. For example, online blogs, video streaming, text messaging on wireless devices, email and instant messaging provide new opportunities for marketers to reach their customers and build a solid brand personality (Reitzin 2007). Digital marketing makes effective use of a variety of electronic devices so as to better engage with important and profitable stakeholders in society. Websites, social networks and various mobile apps are yet three more examples of what constitutes digital marketing. Even though digital marketing differs from traditional marketing, there are some similarities as well. There must be focus placed on understanding the consu mer decision-making processes using various models of consumer behaviour, recognising the importance of the traditional 4Ps of the marketing mix, and acquiring valuable demographic data in order to properly target the most viable consumer segments. This report evaluates the role of information in helping to develop an online marketing strategy, discusses how competitive advantage is achieved through digital marketing objectives, and how digital marketing can better manage consumer behaviour processes in the online environment. Importance of online information In the digital marketing process, having access to online information is critical to building an effective marketing strategy that will bring significant return on investment for marketing. Online information provides a metric by which success in marketing can be measured or whether the marketer has failed in achieving objectives. Such metrics are referred to as key performance indicators which serve as an empirical medium to m easure marketing effectiveness (Stokes 2012). Quite often, marketers utilise websites as a means of engaging with consumer segments, offering opportunities to sign up to receive future offers and promotions or stay in contact with changes or innovations associated with a product or service. This creates electronically-stored data on customer demographics, including such characteristics as age, geographic location, or even income levels. This information, stored in the company’s server, with assistance from appropriate digital software, allows the company to segment their consumers more effectively, locate correlations to similar customer demographics, and thereby be able to better target consumers most likely to make future purchases in the online environment. Metrics are highly critical to digital marketers as it provides the foundation of knowledge about what types of consumers are actively seeking engagement with the company. Once this is understood, a business can create specialised offers or promotions that will best satisfy specific demographic groups. Some companies also utilise web-based surveys, research instruments online that allow a business to understand, in real-time, what consumers value and perceive about a particular product or service brand. Web-based surveys are being utilised in much higher volume today in order to improve the value-added

Project 9 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Project 9 - Essay Example Examples of parametric tests are t tests and z tests which are used on both paired and independent quantitative data. Nonparametric tests do not assume any particular distribution for the data; however, they look at the category or rank order of the values and ignores the absolute difference between them (Driscoll and Lecky 2001.). In addition to the application of these tests to quantitative data that are not normally distributed, nonparametric tests are also applied to nominal and ordinal data. According to Driscoll and Lecky (2001), examples of nonparametric tests include Chi Square, Fisher exact test which are used for nominal data; and Wilcoxon, Mann-Whitney and Kolmogorov-Smirnov which are used for ordinal data. Chi-Square (χ2) test is a very popular nonparametric test which is used on unpaired nominal data. This paper shows how the χ2 test is applied to data relating to gender and office locations of 60 sworn officers. The test is used to determine if there is a difference in the gender distribution among the three locations. According to Salkind (2009), the Chi Square test is a very interesting test which allows the researcher to determine if what is observed in a distribution of frequencies represents what is expected to occur by chance. The data relating to gender and office locations have been grouped in order to perform a Chi Square test. The test has more than one independent variable and so is described as a test of independence. The table below shows the arrangement of the data. The table above shows that there are a total of 35 males and 25 females distributed across three locations. The test seeks to determine whether there are any differences in relation to the gender distribution across the three locations. Therefore, the null hypothesis (Ho) and research hypothesis would be stated as: According to Salkind (2009), the next step is to determine the level of

Benefits of Enlisting in the Armed Forces Essay Example for Free

Benefits of Enlisting in the Armed Forces Essay Introduction A scrutiny of the history of mankind, down the ages covering a period of 4000 years beginning from 3500BC till today indicates that in almost all the cases, the course of events have been dictated by the military prowess and the consequent superiority of one of the contenders. The fact continues to hold true even today, in this age of modernization when the emphasis is on economic power and political stability. The vital aspect of safeguarding these national interests is dependent upon one crucial factor: ‘Armed Forces’. A career in the Armed Forces may be considered to be one of the oldest professions in the history of mankind (the other being prostitution), and it may have an important role to play in safeguarding national interests, but it is also one of the most forgotten and maligned of career choices. For in times of peace and enduring prosperity, the general propensity of people is to look down upon this profession and all related aspects. It is considered to be the last refuge of scoundrels and the failed cases in society-definitely not a job to take if one has other options. But is this reputation really based on facts? Are conditions in the Armed Forces so bad today that it is anathema to even contemplate enlisting in the Armed Forces? Why do educational institutions and our society at large not promote the idea of their students/youngsters enlisting in the Armed Forces with a sense of pride and honor? Why does the present generation not consider enlisting in the Armed Forces as a worthwhile option? Critics (and there are many) point out that enlisting in the Armed Forces implies an unstated but real risk of life, separation from family for extended periods, frequent moves at short notices , poor work conditions and lower pay. This argument is taking a rather biased and short sighted view of the issue, and it does not do justice to either the interests of the country and the people whom the argument attempts to dissuade. Thesis Statement My endeavor during the course of this essay is to illustrate the benefits of enlisting in the Armed Forces. I am of the opinion that the benefits of enlisting outstrip the disadvantages by a wide margin and overall, it is just as good or better; an employment option as any that is available to the new generation. The scope of this thesis in terms of the people covered is holistic in nature: applicable to the entire scale of economic, racial, religious, gender and educational scale. Social Benefits During the ancient times, people enlisted for monetary and other purposes with the sole aim of garnering the spoils of war by way of loot, women, slaves and resources of the vanquished. At various stages in history, it has been repeatedly proved that other concerns like race, national pride and religion have also been a major motivating factor. The last known war entirely based on religious affinities terminated with the victory of the Crusaders over the Jihadis in 1453 A. D. at Constantinople (Turkey). Upward Social Mobility Enlisting in the Armed Forces opens up a whole new world of opportunities for a person irrespective of whether he joins as an officer or as a GI/soldier. This immediately catapults him from his humble origins to a society much more privileged, acknowledged and recognized as one. The change in social status leads to a subtle refinement in the person, his family and his circle of associates. Consequently, it brings about a change in the perception and quality of life for him as his options in everyday life are less weighed down by the mundane issues that he would have been otherwise negotiating. Culture Culturally, there is a huge leap due to the extensive interaction with people from diverse backgrounds and states. This introduces him to the positive and the negative aspects of life in other cultures both within and outside the country. Presuming that the individual has the sense of purpose and ability to discriminate between good and bad (with few exceptions, most posses this quality in abundance), this exposure introduces in him a better understanding of customs and awareness of other cultures. He can then subconsciously or by design incorporate the good aspects in to his way of life, thereby becoming a better citizen and an effective soldier. It must be appreciated that a person hailing from a remote, under-developed and relatively backward area has a proportionately less chance of making it big in the world. With time, he settles down to a job in the same place or at best moves within his state or county for a steady but not necessarily well paid job. It may not lead to much, but it provides him with basic economic security. Personality Development The tough training, regimental life and high emphasis on discipline permeates the very core and essence of the individual and transforms him from a happy go-lucky, take life as it comes type of youngster into a conscientious, well mannered and disciplined citizen of the future. He is now capable of looking after his own interests in life and takes the decisions best suited to his requirements and a secure future. The training imparts to his personality a combined sense of discipline, mental robustness, endurance and physical sturdiness which is generally lacking in other competitors his age and experience in life. The training and culture within the Armed Forces lays a great deal of emphasis on development of moral values and personal integrity. This development of acquired skills leads to a multi-faceted and versatile individual who would be an asset to any organization he joins. The refined mannerism, positive attitude and basic skills make him an automatic candidate of choice for prospective employers in the future. Pride, Prestige, Honor and Duty In the prevailing national environment, it has been the experience that the prospects of enlisting in the armed Forces are not considered to be a worthwhile option. Whatever be the reason, it must also be emphasized that in the rural countryside and deep interiors of the country, there still exist communities and villages which take great pride in sending their young ones to the Armed Forces. Then there exist certain demographic and regional specific patterns wherein the propensity towards enlisting in the Armed Forces is higher (Mavor 41-3) It is taken as a matter of pride and prestige by both: the family of the individual and the individual himself; as an act of repaying the nation for all it has bestowed them with and also as a matter of tradition. But the idea is a non starter and gradually starts loosing steam as we progress from the rural courtsides and deep interiors towards the cities and the power centers. Purely from a moral ground, it should be the duty of each citizen to do his time in the Armed Forces and contribute to the national effort. After all if democracy bestows certain unquestioned rights, then it also imposes certain unstated obligations. It must be kept in mind that, ‘there is no such thing as a free lunch’. Similarly, it is inappropriate to assume that one can proceed to enjoy the benefits of democracy for free without bothering to fulfill our own obligations to the nation. Every right has a corresponding duty and this is no exception; we cannot leave the nation’s requirement of manpower to just the people from the interiors, highlands and the so called lower classes alone. This burden has to be shared by all of us who swear by democracy and the nation. Economic Benefits When speaking about the Armed Forces, the general refrain is that it is not a well paying job, and that the connected hardships of separation from family for extended periods, the frequent moves on duty at short notice, and the attendant risks to life and health is not worth it. In the subsequent paragraphs, I will examine the merits and demerits of this presumption on a factual basis. Job Security What would be the prospects of a person in his native hometown of landing a job consistent to his qualification? What are the chances that he retains his job in the event of some constraining circumstances either to the person or to the employer? The answers to these questions are obvious. Whereas, in the case of the person employed in the Armed Forces, there is an assured degree of job security that is unmatched in any other form of employment. The individual has to do something really drastic or be highly incompetent to be considered unfit for retention. The chances of retrenchment are virtually non-existent. On The Job Training(OJT) Until the end of World War II, the aspect of enlisting was more or less considered as the beginning of the military career. However, with the modernization of weapons and delivery systems, the process of refining the enlisted personnel in to a trained and efficient operator has to be taken up in earnest and hence the need of putting the person through rigorous specialized training schedule(Buck 204-6). The Armed Forces provide training relevant to the aspect of specialization specific to the individual’s branch before formal induction in to the respective arm or service. There are approximately 360 specialist jobs in the US Army alone of which 20% have similar jobs in the civilian world in departments related to communication, IT, software and allied services (Goldberg 59-60). Upon reporting to the parent unit, the individual undergoes further training at the concerned facilities for a period depending upon the requirement of the job and the laid down parameters. This is to say that depending upon the arm which the individual opts for; the training on the specialist equipment, weapons and other systems are guaranteed. The stipend during this period is paid for by the government. It implies that the individual is undergoing training and at the same time also making up his experience profile simultaneously; and he is being paid for it.! How many other jobs can boast of this facility? Job related risks It is often stated that the attendant risk and hardships of a career in the Armed Forces is a negative factor influencing the new generation from enlisting. It can be argued that the so called hardships are not a way of life and depend entirely upon the number of conflicts and skirmishes the country is involved in. Again, how many other jobs do not involve frequent moves at short notices? The aspect of living out of suitcases is generally well described in all forms of literature and media, hence need not be repeated. Needless to say frequent moves and separation from family is a factor that is true for most other forms of employment. The only difference is in the period, which again is taken care of by the system of rotation of troops that is strictly adhered to by the Defence Forces. As regards physical injuries and risk of death, it is a professional hazard and needs to be taken on its merit and statistical figures. The ratio of casualty sustained in comparison to the number of personnel inducted into the combat zone is very low, especially in the case of the developed countries like the USA, UK, France and other European countries. This is so, due to overwhelming superiority of these countries over the adversary in terms of sophistication and capability levels of weapon systems, logistics, and ensuring of an adequate stand–off distance during delivery of tactical executions of strategic plans. Besides, the other major factor influencing Government decision making is level of intolerance by the media and the country to higher casualties of own nationals. This attitude is in stark contrast to the disdain that the average citizen professes on the issue of enlistment in peace time. What I am implying here is that the possibility of being injured or killed in the war zone is not as high as is being made out to be. It is just a professional hazard which hypothetically states the possibility, but does in no way categorically confirm the same. Fatal casualty/Grevious Injury Having deliberated on the aspect of the very low probability of grievous injury and death, let us presume the case wherein either of these possibility does indeed take place. In that case, the government looks after the individual depending upon the nature of his injury, makes efforts to ensure his rehabilitation and employment in another form of work. In the event of death in action, the full range of military honors and government provisions are laid out to the individual and his family. This is only to state that the individual is not a forgotten chapter in case he is rendered invalid for active service or in case of fatal casualty. Perks and Privileges Every nation bestows upon the personnel of its armed forces a wide range of facilities and privileges which would otherwise adversely impact the monetary status of the individual. The facilities and privileges are not sacrosanct and every nation follows a different yardstick to determine what it gives its personnel, e. g. free Medicare facilities given to the personnel and also extended to their families, accommodation at subsidized rates etc. Now if these perks and privileges extended by the government were to be quantified in terms of costs, it would work out to a high figure, when added to what the individual already earns, amounts to a fat salary bill (Ostrow 219). The idea I am trying to highlight is that the privileges which are not considered while describing the low pay also need to be included just to put things in their proper perspective. And I have deliberately avoided discussing the various allowances which every nation provides its armed forces personnel in recognition of the hardships and limitations endured by them during times of operational deployment and commitments. The allowances by themselves amount to a substantial part of the remunerations and are by and large a realistic reflection of the hardships endured. Pensioner Benefits The armed forces have a stipulated period of service for their personnel, and this duration varies from country to country and within the forces: from arm to arm and service to service (Roza 10-11). However, the bottom line is that the personnel are free to leave active service and proceed home with all pensioner benefits as laid down by the Government. If the individual is smart and has planned his moves well in advance, he can join a new employment which means he has effectively two incomes to go by. It lends him a strong base for procuring home loans and enterprise related loans from banks as his degree of financial security is considerably higher than that of the average citizen. The pensioner benefits also entitle him to medical and other related facilities which result in considerable savings to the overall financial planning and outlay of the individual. Educational Benefits A sound education is defined as the basic foundation upon which rests the edifice of a person’s career. Very often, and in most cases, the inclination, interest, and urge to undergo formal education from a standard university or college exists in individuals. However, there is a large gap in the ability of the existing education system to provide to the needs of each aspiring student due to various factors. Government education institutes in most democracies have an unstated but existing drawback on the quality of education they provide. Quality education in a democracy comes at a price, which not everyone can afford. This leaves a large number of potential aspirants without quality education. However, by enlisting in the Armed Forces, this drawback is also addressed. The Armed Forces offer specialist training in a wide range of professionally oriented courses and degrees with a view to produce qualified and expert specialist in their respective sphere of tasks. Apart from this, the government provides for the service personnel opportunities to enhance their education skills before, during and after enlistment. The Montgomery GI Bill and Tuition Assistance Programme are a case in point(Asch 57). Enlisting for the armed forces thus gives the individual the opportunity to complete a degree or an education that he could otherwise not have achieved (Paradis 106). Infact the consequent experience that the individual gains (mostly under pressures of time and combat) puts him in an advantageous position when looking for a job elsewhere upon termination of his contract with the Armed Forces. Counter Claims Critics of the proposal for enlisting into the Armed Forces cite the attendant risk to life, possible injuries, extended periods of separation and comparatively lower pay packages as the principle reasons to avoid the Armed Forces. This reasoning has been discussed by me during the course of the essay and I have proved that on the surface, these points are apparently valid. However, they do not measure up to an unbiased and impartial scrutiny based on facts and statistics. Conclusion To conclude, it is again reiterated that the proposal of enlisting in the armed forces is highly beneficial to a large section of the society and country. The stated disadvantages regarding enlisting; and the advantages I have highlighted need to be weighed against each other. It would be inappropriate to come to a conclusion that affects the lives and careers of a large number of people just because we think that a particular line of thought is correct. It is more important and relevant to analyze the issue based on facts and arrive at the correct conclusion, before propagating it as a statement of fact. Work Cited Asch Beth J. â€Å"Contextual Information on Recruiting† â€Å"Military Recruiting and Retention After the Fiscal Year : Military Pay Legislation† Ed. Asch Beth A, et al Rand Corporation(2002) 57 Buck Peter â€Å"Adjusting to military Life: The Social Sciences Go to War† â€Å"Military Enterprise and Technological Change: Perspectives on the American Experience† Ed. Smith Merritt Roe MIT Press (1985) 204-6. â€Å"Hearings on National Defense Authorization ACT for Fiscal Year 2003H. R. 4546 and Oversight of By United States Congress†. House Committee on Armed Services. Subcommittee on Military Personnel Summary The Supt. Of Docs. , U. S. G. P. O. (2003) 75-7 Goldberg Jan â€Å"Careers for Patriotic Types Others Who Want To Serve Their Country† McGraw-Hill Professional(1999) 59-60 Jerome Johnston, Jerald G. Bachman â€Å"Young Men and Military Service† Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan (1972) 195 Mavor Anne S. et al, â€Å"Attitudes, Aptitudes, and Aspirations of American Youth: Implications for Military Recruiting† National Academies Press (2003) 41-3 Ostrow Scott A. â€Å"Guide to Joining the Military â€Å"Thomson Petersons (2004) 219 Paradis Adrian A. ; â€Å"Opportunities in Military Careers† McGraw-Hill Professional (1999) 106. Rand Corporation â€Å"The Rand Paper Series† Rand Corp (1946) Roza Greg â€Å"Choosing a Career in the Military† The Rosen PublishingGroup Careers / Jobs (2001)10.